<p>Purines and their derivatives, adenosine and ATP, are key molecules that control intracellular energy homeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Purines act as endogenous ligands of purine receptors, whose activation triggers intracellular purinergic signaling. Purinergic signaling is cross-linked with other signaling cascades, thereby participating in the coordination of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and other physiological and pathological reactions that are critical for the body. In neurodegenerative disorders such as ischemic stroke, encephalopathy (including diabetic), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and some other neurodegenerative disorders associated with neuroinflammation, there is a change in purine metabolism and a change in the expression of purinergic receptors. Purinergic receptors are involved in the regulation of neuroinflammatory reactions that modulate the functions of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The study of the mechanisms of purinergic signaling in various pathological conditions demonstrates the significant therapeutic potential of using purinergic agonists and antagonists for the correction of pathological conditions of the CNS.</p>