<p>Neurotrophic factors play an essential role in the ontogeny of the newborn brain, determining the vectors for the development of the regulatory systems of the organism. Changes in the expression of neurotrophic factors under conditions of elevated glucocorticoid levels or stress, according to the results of clinical observations and animal studies, are associated with the etiology of psychoemotional disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies. The hippocampus is a link for the manifestation of the modifying effects of glucocorticoids and stress effects on the processes of neuroplasticity and behavioral regulation in the brain. The manifestation of psychopathological and neurodegenerative changes is accompanied by modulation of the expression of key neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus, including after glucocorticoid induction, while the balance of expression of proforms and mature proteins of neurotrophins is extremely important. Thus, the main problem of this mini-review is to highlight the modification of expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, mature and immature forms of BDNF, NGF and NT3 mainly in the neonatal CNS, in particular in the hippocampus, under the influence of glucocorticoids, neuropathologies or effects of stress of various etiologies based on literature and our own data. It was established that, after dexamethasone induction, proBDNF, and not proNT3 and proNGF, has its own expression pattern in the hippocampus of neonatal rats, which is different from its mature form, and the manifestation of the proapoptotic effect of this proneurotrophin is accompanied by an increase in the proBDNF/BDNF ratio and an increase in the number of cells with detectable active caspase-3.</p>