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Abstract <p>Facing the challenges of climate change and global warming, the engineering community is paying more attention to the carbon emission reduction for building sector. In this study, various heat supply forms including air source heat pump with R410A or R410A alternatives (R32, R446A, R447B, and R459A), electric heater, gas-fired water heater are evaluated for carbon emissions for environmental performance. All R410A alternatives have a higher COP than R410A. R446A displays the highest COP while R32 the second. R32 showed a higher heating capacity, and R410A also displays a higher capacity than its other alternatives except R32. The carbon emission contributed by the electrical heater is more than 3.5 times than that by the air source heat pump heat supply form. The gas-fired water heater produces ~2.2 times for the value of the carbon emission from the heat pump unit. For air source heat pump emission distribution, the sector of the energy consumption shares the largest, more than 90% share, followed by the sector of the annual refrigerant leakage. R446A unit has a value of 18% carbon emission reduction, and R447B and R459A unit hold an emission reduction value of 13.5 and 12% from R410A heat pump. The annual refrigerant leakage takes up ~6% of the R410A unit total emissions; it only takes less than 3% of the unit total emissions for the unit of R410A alternatives. All air source heat pump unit display a lower total emission value when the COP has been improved. In general, Chengdu displays the lowest emission while Beijing is highest due to the difference for climate conditions.</p>

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Environmental Performance Study of R410A Alternative-R446A, R447B, and R459A for Space Heating Application

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Jinxiu Zhao,
  • Liu Zhang,
  • Na Pei,
  • Lina Mu

摘要

Abstract

Facing the challenges of climate change and global warming, the engineering community is paying more attention to the carbon emission reduction for building sector. In this study, various heat supply forms including air source heat pump with R410A or R410A alternatives (R32, R446A, R447B, and R459A), electric heater, gas-fired water heater are evaluated for carbon emissions for environmental performance. All R410A alternatives have a higher COP than R410A. R446A displays the highest COP while R32 the second. R32 showed a higher heating capacity, and R410A also displays a higher capacity than its other alternatives except R32. The carbon emission contributed by the electrical heater is more than 3.5 times than that by the air source heat pump heat supply form. The gas-fired water heater produces ~2.2 times for the value of the carbon emission from the heat pump unit. For air source heat pump emission distribution, the sector of the energy consumption shares the largest, more than 90% share, followed by the sector of the annual refrigerant leakage. R446A unit has a value of 18% carbon emission reduction, and R447B and R459A unit hold an emission reduction value of 13.5 and 12% from R410A heat pump. The annual refrigerant leakage takes up ~6% of the R410A unit total emissions; it only takes less than 3% of the unit total emissions for the unit of R410A alternatives. All air source heat pump unit display a lower total emission value when the COP has been improved. In general, Chengdu displays the lowest emission while Beijing is highest due to the difference for climate conditions.