Abstract <p>Biodiesel, a renewable and biodegradable fuel, offers significant environmental advantages but faces challenges such as lower combustion efficiency and increased nitrogen oxide (NO_<i>x</i>) emissions compared to diesel. Addressing these limitations requires innovative material-based approaches. This study explores the combined effects of nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel and Fe/Zn-coated catalytic converters on engine performance and emissions, addressing a gap in understanding the synergistic potential of these materials. The objective was to assess how cerium oxide (CeO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, integrated with advanced catalytic coatings, influence combustion and emission characteristics. Using a single-cylinder diesel engine, performance metrics such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were analyzed, alongside emissions of NO_<i>x</i>, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). Results revealed significant improvements in BTE (up to 34.5%) and reductions in NO_<i>x</i> (15%) and PM emissions (28%) with nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel and catalytic converters. These findings highlight the transformative potential of material innovations in sustainable energy technologies. Future research should explore the scalability and long-term environmental impacts of these materials.</p>