Tritium from Molecules to the Biosphere. 2. Approaches to Dosimetry

Tritium (³H) has natural and anthropogenic origins. Its high migration ability, the presence of different physical forms and chemical compounds, affinity with organic molecules, and involvement in exchange processes in the biosphere draw attention to this isotope in the field of radiation protection of living organisms and humans. The data from 324 publications (230 of which are in the Supplementary Information) based on laboratory and field studies were analyzed to understand the approaches to the methodology for assessing ³H doses in the reference groups of plant and animal organisms specified in International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 108. The basic principles and features of calculating the absorbed dose rate from inorganic and organic forms and compounds of ³H for different levels of biological organization are described. More than half of the studies were found to be unrelated to dosimetry issues but analyzing radiobiological effects. Prospects for further research may be associated with a differentiated approach in assessing doses from different forms and compounds of ³H, ensuring closer contact between laboratory and field studies, as well as shifting the focus of attention from the level of reference organisms to the level of populations. The results will find their application in setting problems in the field of radioecology and radiobiology, as well as in improving radiation safety standards related to the operation of existing nuclear industry enterprises and the development of new nuclear technology facilities.