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Abstract <p>Nickel oxide (NiO) is an attractive <i>p</i>-type wide-band-gap semiconductor for transparent hole-selective interfaces in photovoltaic devices, while carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can provide highly conductive and partially transparent percolation pathways. In this study, the influence of a CNT/NiO composite front layer deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is investigated numerically through a MATLAB implementation of the single-diode equivalent-circuit model. CNT incorporation is represented through literature-guided reductions in series resistance, moderate increases in photocurrent, and improved shunt resistance relative to a reference NiO layer, enabling a design-oriented interpretation of how conductive CNT networks can strengthen current collection without abandoning the transparency advantages of NiO. The simulated <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> and <i>P</i>–<i>V</i> characteristics predict systematic improvements in short-circuit current density, fill factor, and power-conversion efficiency as CNT loading increases from 0 to 3 wt %. For the assumed parameter set, the efficiency rises from 5.07% for pure NiO to 9.25% for the optimized CNT/NiO configuration. A comparison with prior CNT/NiO coating studies and transparent-conductive CNT literature is used to position the numerical predictions within an experimental context. Overall, the results provide quantitative guidance for selecting CNT loading windows, controlling resistive losses, and prioritizing PLD conditions for future experimental optimization of NiO-based solar-cell front layers.</p>

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Numerical Investigation of CNT/NiO Composite Front Layers Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Enhanced Solar-Cell Performance: A Literature-Guided Single-Diode MATLAB Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Ghasaq A. Tomaa,
  • Haneen Abass Alrubaie,
  • Nawrs Dhafer Hamzah

摘要

Abstract

Nickel oxide (NiO) is an attractive p-type wide-band-gap semiconductor for transparent hole-selective interfaces in photovoltaic devices, while carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can provide highly conductive and partially transparent percolation pathways. In this study, the influence of a CNT/NiO composite front layer deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is investigated numerically through a MATLAB implementation of the single-diode equivalent-circuit model. CNT incorporation is represented through literature-guided reductions in series resistance, moderate increases in photocurrent, and improved shunt resistance relative to a reference NiO layer, enabling a design-oriented interpretation of how conductive CNT networks can strengthen current collection without abandoning the transparency advantages of NiO. The simulated I–V and P–V characteristics predict systematic improvements in short-circuit current density, fill factor, and power-conversion efficiency as CNT loading increases from 0 to 3 wt %. For the assumed parameter set, the efficiency rises from 5.07% for pure NiO to 9.25% for the optimized CNT/NiO configuration. A comparison with prior CNT/NiO coating studies and transparent-conductive CNT literature is used to position the numerical predictions within an experimental context. Overall, the results provide quantitative guidance for selecting CNT loading windows, controlling resistive losses, and prioritizing PLD conditions for future experimental optimization of NiO-based solar-cell front layers.