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Abstract <p>Based on direct numerical modeling, it is shown that pulsar wind nebulae with a double-torus X-ray morphology (with the Vela nebula as a prototype) can accelerate protons to very high energies. The maximum energies that protons can gain exceeds 400 TeV. The acceleration process allows <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\sim}(5{-}6)\%\)</EquationSource> <!--NuclPhys2560218Bykov-m1--> </InlineEquation> of the protons interacting with the nebular flows to increase their Lorentz factors from <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{4}\)</EquationSource> <!--NuclPhys2560218Bykov-m2--> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3\times 10^{5}\)</EquationSource> <!--NuclPhys2560218Bykov-m3--> </InlineEquation> in <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10{-}30\)</EquationSource> <!--NuclPhys2560218Bykov-m4--> </InlineEquation> years.</p>

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Acceleration of Protons to Very High Energies in Double-Torus Pulsar Wind Nebulae

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • A. M. Bykov,
  • A. N. Fursov,
  • K. P. Levenfish,
  • A. E. Petrov

摘要

Abstract

Based on direct numerical modeling, it is shown that pulsar wind nebulae with a double-torus X-ray morphology (with the Vela nebula as a prototype) can accelerate protons to very high energies. The maximum energies that protons can gain exceeds 400 TeV. The acceleration process allows \({\sim}(5{-}6)\%\) of the protons interacting with the nebular flows to increase their Lorentz factors from \(10^{4}\) to \(3\times 10^{5}\) in \(10{-}30\) years.