Abstract <p>We studied the dynamics of a microsphere with a double-layer shell embedded in a polymeric matrix under the impact of a shock wave. Deformation and destruction mechanisms of the microsphere’s shell are considered, as well as the influence of the polymer matrix properties on the transmission of shock loads. In the first part of the study, using computer models, a series of numerical experiments was conducted to analyze processes of shock wave propagation through the composite material, considering differences in mechanical properties between the shell layers and the polymer medium. It was shown that the double-layered shell structure promotes effective absorption of the impact energy and formation of fibrous structures. In the second stage of the research, modeling of the stress–strain state of the heterogeneous material under the influence of a relativistic electron beam (REB) was carried out. For this purpose, a procedure for averaging the physical and mechanical properties of the composite components was implemented, allowing an accurate description of the material response to high-energy external loading. The obtained results demonstrate the promise of applying numerical averaging methods for predicting the behavior of heterogeneous materials under extreme conditions. The results of this work can be used for optimizing the properties of composite materials employed under dynamic load conditions such as shock waves and exposure to intense charged particle beams.</p>