Organogenesis as the Realization of the Morphogenetic Potential of Callus Cells in In Vitro Conditions

The article provides an analytical review of the literature and our own works devoted to the study of cyto-histological, physiological (hormonal), molecular, and genetic features of organogenesis as a pathway of morphogenesis in calluses in culture conditions in vitro. Special attention is paid to the discussion of the controversial issue of the realization of the morphogenetic potential of competent callus cells due to the property of their pluripotency as a manifestation of a more general biological phenomenon of stemness. The comparison of organogenesis in vitro with similar events in organogenesis in planta confirms the validity of the principle of universality of morphogenesis processes in various plant reproduction systems. The terminology used is analyzed. The prospects of using of organogenesis in callus cultures in vitro as the model for studying plant organogenesis in planta, as well as in order to optimize biotechnological elaborations of indirect regeneration of economically valuable plants, are discussed.