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Abstract <p>The results of 289 encounters of wild boars, 123 measurements of the distances between the observer and wild boars (DM, average 66 m), 98 measurements of initial escape distances (escape initiation distance (EID) or flight initiation distance (FID), average 84 m) of single or different groups of wild boar, 114&#xa0;tiger snow tracking, and brown bear hunting wild boar are analyzed. Various methods of statistical comparison and normalization of some samples were used. DM characterizes the variety of remote contacts of a dangerous subject with wild boars in their typical environment of a protected forest. From 1974–1983 by 2003–2015, DM increased almost 1.4 times against the background of a significant (1.5–2.0 times) wild boar decline. Increasing the level of general vigilance of wild boars, leaders, and guards while their numbers decrease contributes to the survival of group members. The average values and indices of variation of EID, which mark the critical line in response to a predator, changed less significantly. DM and EID are formed under the conditions of wild boar abundances varying due to different frequencies of waiting, i.e., delaying the start of active avoidance from the predator after identifying the signs of danger and observing the dangerous subject from afar. Explicit hiding in adult wild boars was observed infrequently, which is due to the hunting techniques of tigers and brown bears. Hiding is common in pigs and young of the year during the postpartum period, this being observed in the conditions difficult for locomotion and in animals weakened by hunger. The possibilities of camouflage in different environments affect DM and EID: in a coniferous forest, these indices are lower than in a spacious oak woodlands alternating with meadows, during the growing season they are less (FID almost 1.7 times) than in the period from late autumn to spring (93 m), when the possibility of detecting a predator also increased. With the average distance of a tiger attack on a wild boar being 22.7 m (for successful attacks, 13.8 m and unsuccessful attacks, 30.2 m), the success of hunting by a tiger and brown bear depends on the possibility of a silent approach to the prey (up to 4–6 m). The impossibility of a tiger approaching within the distance of a successful attack on the crunchy snow entailed long breaks between preys of ungulates. Predator attacks from long distances (35–80 m) were usually provoked by the wild boars that noticed the tiger in advance. The tiger is able to assess the prospects of a hunt from the very beginning, this probably determining its rather high effectiveness (49.1%) after choosing a specific prey.</p>

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Initial Escape Distances of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa ussuricus) and the Attack Distances of Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on Prey

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • V. A. Zaitsev

摘要

Abstract

The results of 289 encounters of wild boars, 123 measurements of the distances between the observer and wild boars (DM, average 66 m), 98 measurements of initial escape distances (escape initiation distance (EID) or flight initiation distance (FID), average 84 m) of single or different groups of wild boar, 114 tiger snow tracking, and brown bear hunting wild boar are analyzed. Various methods of statistical comparison and normalization of some samples were used. DM characterizes the variety of remote contacts of a dangerous subject with wild boars in their typical environment of a protected forest. From 1974–1983 by 2003–2015, DM increased almost 1.4 times against the background of a significant (1.5–2.0 times) wild boar decline. Increasing the level of general vigilance of wild boars, leaders, and guards while their numbers decrease contributes to the survival of group members. The average values and indices of variation of EID, which mark the critical line in response to a predator, changed less significantly. DM and EID are formed under the conditions of wild boar abundances varying due to different frequencies of waiting, i.e., delaying the start of active avoidance from the predator after identifying the signs of danger and observing the dangerous subject from afar. Explicit hiding in adult wild boars was observed infrequently, which is due to the hunting techniques of tigers and brown bears. Hiding is common in pigs and young of the year during the postpartum period, this being observed in the conditions difficult for locomotion and in animals weakened by hunger. The possibilities of camouflage in different environments affect DM and EID: in a coniferous forest, these indices are lower than in a spacious oak woodlands alternating with meadows, during the growing season they are less (FID almost 1.7 times) than in the period from late autumn to spring (93 m), when the possibility of detecting a predator also increased. With the average distance of a tiger attack on a wild boar being 22.7 m (for successful attacks, 13.8 m and unsuccessful attacks, 30.2 m), the success of hunting by a tiger and brown bear depends on the possibility of a silent approach to the prey (up to 4–6 m). The impossibility of a tiger approaching within the distance of a successful attack on the crunchy snow entailed long breaks between preys of ungulates. Predator attacks from long distances (35–80 m) were usually provoked by the wild boars that noticed the tiger in advance. The tiger is able to assess the prospects of a hunt from the very beginning, this probably determining its rather high effectiveness (49.1%) after choosing a specific prey.