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Abstract <p>The temperature conditions experienced by the brown dipper (<i>Cinclus pallasii</i> Temminck, 1820) and the solitary snipe (<i>Gallinago solitaria</i> Hodgson, 1831) during their wintering on river polynyas in an extremely cold region of Asia, the mean January temperatures being –25 to –20°С in areas near the Sea of Okhotsk and –45 to –40°С in continental areas, are examined. The “temperature effect of the polynya” was estimated as temperatures on a vertical profile above the water compared to temperatures above the snow at a distance from the river (background temperature with no gradients). In the air layer adjacent to the water, beyond which feeding birds rarely find themselves, the average temperature gradients during daylight hours are large: at 1 cm above the water, temperatures are 13–15°C higher than the background ones, while at 10&#xa0;cm they are only 2–5°C higher; at a height of 100 cm, no warming is felt. The maximum effect of the polynya recorded rarely and for a short period of time (10–15 min) exceeds the given average values by approximately two times. These temperature differences are characteristic of both coastal and continental regions (temperatures at 10 cm above the water vary within the ranges of –18 to –13°C and –45 to –40°C, respectively). The moderation of temperatures during daylight hours is apparently unimportant for both species, since birds do not change their behavior in different weather conditions. On the contrary, it can be assumed that the solitary snipe and the brown dipper roost in snow and ice niches which play an important adaptive role, because temperatures in niches (also in both parts of the region) are approximately 1.5–1.8 times higher than outside temperatures (up to –16 to –13°C and –35°C in the niches, while –26 to –25°C and –55°C outside, respectively). The northern limit of observations of the studied wintering birds is located significantly south of the widespread distribution of polynyas. The duration of daylight hours and the magnitude and timing of low air temperatures inseparably influence the formation of the range of the solitary snipe, but not that of the brown dipper. The brown dipper extends deeper into the continental regions of the northeast than the solitary snipe and, presumably, further than is currently known due to the poor study of these areas in winter.</p>

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Do River Polynyas Serve as Temperature Oases for the Brown Dipper and the Solitary Snipe in Northeastern Asia?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • D. I. Berman,
  • A. V. Alfimov

摘要

Abstract

The temperature conditions experienced by the brown dipper (Cinclus pallasii Temminck, 1820) and the solitary snipe (Gallinago solitaria Hodgson, 1831) during their wintering on river polynyas in an extremely cold region of Asia, the mean January temperatures being –25 to –20°С in areas near the Sea of Okhotsk and –45 to –40°С in continental areas, are examined. The “temperature effect of the polynya” was estimated as temperatures on a vertical profile above the water compared to temperatures above the snow at a distance from the river (background temperature with no gradients). In the air layer adjacent to the water, beyond which feeding birds rarely find themselves, the average temperature gradients during daylight hours are large: at 1 cm above the water, temperatures are 13–15°C higher than the background ones, while at 10 cm they are only 2–5°C higher; at a height of 100 cm, no warming is felt. The maximum effect of the polynya recorded rarely and for a short period of time (10–15 min) exceeds the given average values by approximately two times. These temperature differences are characteristic of both coastal and continental regions (temperatures at 10 cm above the water vary within the ranges of –18 to –13°C and –45 to –40°C, respectively). The moderation of temperatures during daylight hours is apparently unimportant for both species, since birds do not change their behavior in different weather conditions. On the contrary, it can be assumed that the solitary snipe and the brown dipper roost in snow and ice niches which play an important adaptive role, because temperatures in niches (also in both parts of the region) are approximately 1.5–1.8 times higher than outside temperatures (up to –16 to –13°C and –35°C in the niches, while –26 to –25°C and –55°C outside, respectively). The northern limit of observations of the studied wintering birds is located significantly south of the widespread distribution of polynyas. The duration of daylight hours and the magnitude and timing of low air temperatures inseparably influence the formation of the range of the solitary snipe, but not that of the brown dipper. The brown dipper extends deeper into the continental regions of the northeast than the solitary snipe and, presumably, further than is currently known due to the poor study of these areas in winter.