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Abstract <p>Using anatomical and histological methods, we studied the norm and pathological changes in the skin of 12 Baikal seals of different ages (<i>Pusa sibirica</i>) (alopecia, ulcers, scars, etc.). Similar changes are usually observed in many seals appearing on coastal rookeries. Norm: the skin has a folded epidermis on the body and flippers. Hyperkeratosis of the epithelium is noted. No border between the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis is expressed. The papillary layer is formed by thin bundles of collagen fibers, and the reticular layer, by thick bundles of collagen fibers. In the reticular layer of the skin of the body, there are powerful, numerous bundles of smooth muscles. The dermis of the skin of the flippers is thinner in comparison with the dermis of the skin of the body. In the skin of the body, the sebaceous glands are small and multi-lobed; each hair bundle is usually surrounded by two such glands. The lower secretory sections of the apocrine sweat glands are weakly convoluted and tubular, being located in the deep layers of the reticular dermis and in the adipose tissue separately from the hair follicles and next to the network of blood vessels. Their narrow excretory ducts open into the funnel of the hair at the level of its upper third. In the skin of the flippers, large convoluted apocrine glands are located at the level of the lower sections of the bulbs of the guard hairs, and elongated polymorphic excretory ducts of the sebaceous glands open into the hair bags. Morphophysiological adaptations of the skin of seals, contributing to the improvement of its hydrodynamic, thermoregulatory, and sun-protective properties, are discussed. Pathology: two main complexes of skin pathologies in seals have been identified: (1) koilocytosis, subepidermal inflammation (the infiltrate is represented by lymphocytes with a small admixture of histiocytes), lymphocyte exocytosis in hair follicles with spongiosis; (2) formation of a subepidermal blister with neutrophilic infiltration in the papillary layer of the dermis. These pathologies may be associated with global warming and changes in the ice regime of Lake Baikal, which may have led to the development of immune inflammatory processes in the skin. The effect of an unknown viral pathogen that caused koilocytosis in seals cannot be ruled out.</p>

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Skin of the Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica, Phocidae): Norm and Pathology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • I. V. Anikienko,
  • N. I. Ryadinskaya,
  • E. A. Petrov,
  • K. Yu. Kostyunin,
  • S. E. Belova,
  • D. R. Ikonnikova

摘要

Abstract

Using anatomical and histological methods, we studied the norm and pathological changes in the skin of 12 Baikal seals of different ages (Pusa sibirica) (alopecia, ulcers, scars, etc.). Similar changes are usually observed in many seals appearing on coastal rookeries. Norm: the skin has a folded epidermis on the body and flippers. Hyperkeratosis of the epithelium is noted. No border between the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis is expressed. The papillary layer is formed by thin bundles of collagen fibers, and the reticular layer, by thick bundles of collagen fibers. In the reticular layer of the skin of the body, there are powerful, numerous bundles of smooth muscles. The dermis of the skin of the flippers is thinner in comparison with the dermis of the skin of the body. In the skin of the body, the sebaceous glands are small and multi-lobed; each hair bundle is usually surrounded by two such glands. The lower secretory sections of the apocrine sweat glands are weakly convoluted and tubular, being located in the deep layers of the reticular dermis and in the adipose tissue separately from the hair follicles and next to the network of blood vessels. Their narrow excretory ducts open into the funnel of the hair at the level of its upper third. In the skin of the flippers, large convoluted apocrine glands are located at the level of the lower sections of the bulbs of the guard hairs, and elongated polymorphic excretory ducts of the sebaceous glands open into the hair bags. Morphophysiological adaptations of the skin of seals, contributing to the improvement of its hydrodynamic, thermoregulatory, and sun-protective properties, are discussed. Pathology: two main complexes of skin pathologies in seals have been identified: (1) koilocytosis, subepidermal inflammation (the infiltrate is represented by lymphocytes with a small admixture of histiocytes), lymphocyte exocytosis in hair follicles with spongiosis; (2) formation of a subepidermal blister with neutrophilic infiltration in the papillary layer of the dermis. These pathologies may be associated with global warming and changes in the ice regime of Lake Baikal, which may have led to the development of immune inflammatory processes in the skin. The effect of an unknown viral pathogen that caused koilocytosis in seals cannot be ruled out.