Abstract <p>Semiochemicals from urine and ‘marking fluid’ which help for chemical communication in fishing cats (<i>Prionailurus viverrinus</i> (Bennett, 1833)) have been identified using solid-phase microextraction guided gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A diverse range of volatile compounds were detected from both the sources which include ketones, aldehydes, sulfur-and nitrogen-containing compounds. Sulfur-containing felinine breakdown compounds were detected mainly in males, although the limited number of female samples prevents firm conclusions about sex-specificity. The unique behavior of fishing cats to urinate frequently in water bodies have been observed from zoo-animals in field station and thus experimentally tested with synthetic 3-mercapto-3-methyl-butanol in laboratory condition to check its stability in water-medium. Apart from volatiles, various lipid classes, comprising both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, were also identified in the urine of fishing cats, which may help to stabilize semiochemicals. We hypothesize that the combination of highly volatile, less volatile and non-volatile compounds creates a complex synergy to facilitate interindividual communication and thus potentially serving as pheromones. This finding enriches our understanding of the unique behavioral strategy of the fishing cat in marshy landforms for adaptation and thus might be the reason for high population density in deltaic South Bengal.</p>