Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Fe₃O₄@MoS₂ for the Preconcentration of Chlorpromazine from Urine Samples Prior to Quantification by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection

In this work, a magnetic porous material (Fe₃O₄@MoS₂) was facilely prepared and applied for magnetic solid-phase extraction clean-up before the determination of chlorpromazine in urine samples via high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Various key factors affecting the extraction and desorption recoveries, including the amount of adsorbent, extraction time, pH, sample volume, adsorption capacity, and desorption conditions, were systematically investigated. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curve was linear over a wide concentration range of 10.00–5000 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The limit of detection was determined to be 3.2 μg/L. Besides, recoveries for spiked urine samples at three concentration levels ranged from 97.2 to 105.8%, and the enhancement factor was 48. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient and economical for the determination of chlorpromazine at trace levels in urine samples.