Abstract <p>The Sakhalin landscapes are mainly plains or low mountains; nevertheless, both endogenic and exogenic relief-forming processes are highly dynamic. That may be attributed both to geological-tectonic (the island position at the boundary of tectonic plates; widely spread sedimentary, easily erodible rocks) and to geographical factors (the position close to the base level and an active interaction between the oceanic and continental air masses). The active Central Sakhalin fault separating the micro-plates exerts a primary control over seismicity and may have a marked effect on the mud volcanism. The mud volcanism accounts for development of specific natural landscapes distinctly different from those on the surrounding areas. The most common exogenous processes are landslides, avalanches, and debris-flows, often reaching a level of catastrophe. They are often initiated by seismic events.</p>