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Abstract <p>Snow cover can serve an indicator of winter pollution of the atmosphere in a region. The spatial distribution of accumulation levels of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the snow cover of Baikal Natural Territory in winter 2021/2022 is analyzed; associated environmental risks are estimated. PAHs were extracted from the filters with hexane and then quantified with the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The highest PAHs concentrations (14–3400 μg/m<sup>2</sup>) were found in industrial cities of the Baikal Region, and the lowest ones (2.0–7.7 μg/m<sup>2</sup>), on the lake ice in the Northern Baikal basin. Lower PAH accumulation levels in snow from Lake Baikal as compared to cities points to minimal winter transport. The total PAH input to the surface of Lake Baikal was 128.8 kg. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and retene were the most prevalent individual compounds in cities. Factor analysis was used to identify three groups of PAH sources entering the snow cover: large thermal power plants and transport (58–72%), small boiler facilities (~24%), and stove heating (~6%). The calculated diagnostic ratios (fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) and benzo(a)pyrene/benzo(g,h,i)perylene) indicate the prevailing contribution of pyrogenic stationary sources and motor vehicles in settlements of the Baikal Natural Territory and Southern Baikal and the prevalence of petrogenic sources in the Northern Baikal. The degree of snow cover pollution with PAHs was assessed using the ecological risk coefficients (<i>RQ</i>). A high contribution to the total coefficients is made by benzo(b)fluo‑ranthene (<i>RQ</i><sub>max</sub> = 39–1840), benzo(k)fluoranthene (<i>RQ</i><sub>max</sub> = 4–250), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (<i>RQ</i><sub>max</sub> = 4–205), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (<i>RQ</i><sub>max</sub> = 4–170), and benzo(a)pyrene (<i>RQ</i><sub>max</sub> = 4–93). The environmental risk was high (<i>RQ</i><sub>max</sub> = 1–1800) in industrial zones of cities in the Baikal region and moderate (<i>RQ</i><sub>min</sub> = 1–100) in the Baikal region. The results can be used by the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia to develop measures to reduce PAH emissions in the region and minimize environmental risks.</p>

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Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Snow Cover of Baikal Natural Territory

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • I. I. Marinaite,
  • V. L. Potyomkin,
  • M. Yu. Shikhovtsev,
  • Ye. V. Molozhnikova,
  • T. V. Khodzher

摘要

Abstract

Snow cover can serve an indicator of winter pollution of the atmosphere in a region. The spatial distribution of accumulation levels of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the snow cover of Baikal Natural Territory in winter 2021/2022 is analyzed; associated environmental risks are estimated. PAHs were extracted from the filters with hexane and then quantified with the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The highest PAHs concentrations (14–3400 μg/m2) were found in industrial cities of the Baikal Region, and the lowest ones (2.0–7.7 μg/m2), on the lake ice in the Northern Baikal basin. Lower PAH accumulation levels in snow from Lake Baikal as compared to cities points to minimal winter transport. The total PAH input to the surface of Lake Baikal was 128.8 kg. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and retene were the most prevalent individual compounds in cities. Factor analysis was used to identify three groups of PAH sources entering the snow cover: large thermal power plants and transport (58–72%), small boiler facilities (~24%), and stove heating (~6%). The calculated diagnostic ratios (fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) and benzo(a)pyrene/benzo(g,h,i)perylene) indicate the prevailing contribution of pyrogenic stationary sources and motor vehicles in settlements of the Baikal Natural Territory and Southern Baikal and the prevalence of petrogenic sources in the Northern Baikal. The degree of snow cover pollution with PAHs was assessed using the ecological risk coefficients (RQ). A high contribution to the total coefficients is made by benzo(b)fluo‑ranthene (RQmax = 39–1840), benzo(k)fluoranthene (RQmax = 4–250), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (RQmax = 4–205), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (RQmax = 4–170), and benzo(a)pyrene (RQmax = 4–93). The environmental risk was high (RQmax = 1–1800) in industrial zones of cities in the Baikal region and moderate (RQmin = 1–100) in the Baikal region. The results can be used by the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia to develop measures to reduce PAH emissions in the region and minimize environmental risks.