Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EEDCs): A Review
摘要
Anthropogenic activities are the major cause of emerging contaminants in the environment. The endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), as part of the micropollutants in the aquatic environment, are compromising the quality of water, impairing the development of humans and animals. Most of EDCs are responsive to bioaccumulation and bioconcentration in the environment. Wastewater treatment plants are reported as the prime source of these compounds in aquatic environments, as they are not designed to specifically remove these steroid compounds. Common methods such as chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and others are employed to quantify the level of different kinds of EDCs, although they suffer from a few drawbacks. In this work, we appraise alternative methods of sensing systems for EDC detection. The advantages of these techniques are lost cost, they use low sample volume, high sensitivity, and selectivity. This review summarizes each of some of the methods used to detect EDCs and their respective limits of detection (LOD). The sensitivity of each technique towards the EDC of interest varied according to the type of EDCs measured, the type of electrochemical probe and electrode, substrates, and the type of nanomaterial.