Pragmasemantic A Priori as a Condition of Possibility of Utterance
摘要
We intend to expand upon Michel Foucault’s idea of the historical a priori by introducing the concept of pragmasemantic a priori. In Foucault’s The Order of Things the concept of historical a priori is used to determine the patterns of observation and description that were prevalent at a peculiar epoch. In The Archaeology of Knowledge, it was used to identify the conditions of possibility of utterances within discourses and discursive practices. Through introducing the notion of the pragmasemantic a priori we suggest taking into account the proper linguistic aspects. It reflects the transition from the “Pure Self” responsible for context-free propositions, to the I-speaker and conditions for the context-dependent utterances. Humboldt pointed out the deictic parameters: I and related to it You – Here – Now (speaker, addressee, and time and place of uttering). In relation to these coordinates and thanks to them, conditions of meaningfulness and truth (certainty) are created. Following the relevance and quality maxims proposed by Paul Grice, if interlocutors are adhered to them, only true (reliable) statements can be made within the scope of a speech act. Establishing the context of a statement implies separating it from its historical surroundings. Historical reality, through language, is absorbed by the utterance that represents it and becomes the reality of discourse. In this way, the pragmasemantic a priori is detached from the historical one. A specific speech act, with its uniquely defined “I”, is not so much a representation as an “appropriation” (Benveniste) of a universal linguistic pragmasemantic a priori, characterizing the unique event of a given utterance.