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Abstract <p>The primary objective of this study was reduction of waste materials and their convertation into valuable resources. The secondary objective was to utilize the produced materials for elimination air pollutants. Herein, a novel nanocatalyst, cobalt oxide (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), was synthesized via an impregnation technology and employed for the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of heavy naphtha in a Digital Baffle Batch Reactor (DBBR). The rGO nano-support was prepared from waste material through a catalytic reaction. The developed (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/rGO) nanocatalyst exhibited outstanding catalytic efficiency attributed to its effective impregnation, favorable pore size distribution, high activity, and large surface area, as confirmed by FESEM, EDX, XRD and BET analyses. The efficacy of the prepared nanocatalyst, combined with novel oxidant, performic acid, produced <i>in situ</i> from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), was assessed in the DBBR under various ODS conditions, including reaction times (15, 25, and 35 min), impeller speeds (140, 200, and 260 rpm), and catalyst amounts (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g). The experimental results indicated that increasing the oxidation time, impeller speed, and catalyst amount enhanced desulfurization of the oil feedstock, yielding a cleaner fuel. Under optimal conditions (35 min reaction time, 260 rpm impeller speed, and 0.8 g of modified nanocatalyst), a sulfur conversion efficiency of 93.63% was achieved. The developed DBBR design demonstrated a high sulfur removal in only 35 min, a significant improvement compared to previous studies that required longer reaction times for similar or lower efficiencies.</p>

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Eco-Friendly Reduction of Graphene Oxide-Co3O4 from Waste Material for Rapid Oxidative Desulfurization of Sulfur Compounds Using a Digital Baffle Batch Reactor: Production of Clean Fuel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月1日

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  • Jasim I. Humadi,
  • Qahtan A. Mahmood,
  • Amer T. Nawaf,
  • Mohamed A. Habila,
  • Ali A. Hassan,
  • Rajesh Haldhar

摘要

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was reduction of waste materials and their convertation into valuable resources. The secondary objective was to utilize the produced materials for elimination air pollutants. Herein, a novel nanocatalyst, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), was synthesized via an impregnation technology and employed for the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of heavy naphtha in a Digital Baffle Batch Reactor (DBBR). The rGO nano-support was prepared from waste material through a catalytic reaction. The developed (Co3O4/rGO) nanocatalyst exhibited outstanding catalytic efficiency attributed to its effective impregnation, favorable pore size distribution, high activity, and large surface area, as confirmed by FESEM, EDX, XRD and BET analyses. The efficacy of the prepared nanocatalyst, combined with novel oxidant, performic acid, produced in situ from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was assessed in the DBBR under various ODS conditions, including reaction times (15, 25, and 35 min), impeller speeds (140, 200, and 260 rpm), and catalyst amounts (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g). The experimental results indicated that increasing the oxidation time, impeller speed, and catalyst amount enhanced desulfurization of the oil feedstock, yielding a cleaner fuel. Under optimal conditions (35 min reaction time, 260 rpm impeller speed, and 0.8 g of modified nanocatalyst), a sulfur conversion efficiency of 93.63% was achieved. The developed DBBR design demonstrated a high sulfur removal in only 35 min, a significant improvement compared to previous studies that required longer reaction times for similar or lower efficiencies.