Ionospheric Disturbances Following Eruptions of Stromboli Volcano

Ground-based vertical ionospheric soundings were used to analyze disturbances around the maximum of the F2 layer during a vigorous eruption of Stromboli Volcano, Italy involving two explosions in July and in August 2019, as well as after the resumption of volcanic activity on October 9, 2022. Characteristics of the response of the ionosphere to these events were chosen to be variations in the critical frequency of the F2 layer as recorded at the Gibilmanna, Rome, and San Vito stations not far from the volcano (within 450 km). The results of measurement provide evidence of the effect produced in the ionosphere by acoustic-gravity waves generated by volcanic activity and producing long-lived disturbances in the ionosphere.