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Abstract <p>Annual through centennial scale variability of the ice conditions at the Onega River mouth is analyzed in the paper. Description of the main sources of ice data for the period before the beginning of regular observations at the Onega hydrometeorological station and a brief historical overview of observations of the ice conditions at the river mouth are presented. For the first time, temporal variability of the ice phenomena of the Onega river mouth is analyzed for the period from 1780 to 2021, with its links to the climate change being demonstrated. In particular, the average duration of the ice period decreased from 177 days in the late 18th–early 19th centuries down to 133 days by the early 21st century. On average, the river ice breakup occurs 8 days earlier, while freezing occurs 34 days later, with the most dramatic shift from November to January in average freezing time having occurred in the late 20th–early 21st centuries. Numerical estimates of secular trends and variability of the decadal scale of ice characteristics at the Onega River mouth are given.</p>

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Historical Overview of the Onega River Mouth Freezing and Break-up from the End of the 18th Century

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月1日

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  • G. S. Ermakova,
  • I. Yu. Milyutina,
  • O. V. Gorelits,
  • V. N. Kryzhov

摘要

Abstract

Annual through centennial scale variability of the ice conditions at the Onega River mouth is analyzed in the paper. Description of the main sources of ice data for the period before the beginning of regular observations at the Onega hydrometeorological station and a brief historical overview of observations of the ice conditions at the river mouth are presented. For the first time, temporal variability of the ice phenomena of the Onega river mouth is analyzed for the period from 1780 to 2021, with its links to the climate change being demonstrated. In particular, the average duration of the ice period decreased from 177 days in the late 18th–early 19th centuries down to 133 days by the early 21st century. On average, the river ice breakup occurs 8 days earlier, while freezing occurs 34 days later, with the most dramatic shift from November to January in average freezing time having occurred in the late 20th–early 21st centuries. Numerical estimates of secular trends and variability of the decadal scale of ice characteristics at the Onega River mouth are given.