Ion Exchange Processes on the H⁺ Cation for Water Hardness Reduction

The paper analyzes the ion exchange process on an H⁺ cation in cartridges for water softening and proposes a relevant mathematical process model that includes two adjustable parameters, one of which is related to the properties of the cation. Identification of the model parameters and the verification of the model adequacy were carried out using in-house experimental data. The simulation results have revealed several peculiarities of the process occurring on H⁺ cations when water hardness is varied. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the solution of design and verification issues in the field of ion exchange processes and units used for water softening.