<p>The weight <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w(e) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of an edge <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ e $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in a <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-polytope is the sum of the degrees of its end vertices.An&#xa0;edge <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ e=uv $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (i,j) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge if <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ d(u)\leq i $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ d(v)\leq j $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.In 1940, Lebesgue proved that every <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-polytope contains a <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,11) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-, <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (4,7) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-, or <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (5,6) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 7 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 6 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are the best possible.In 1955, Kotzig proved that every <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-polytope contains an edge whose end-vertex degrees sum to at most <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 13 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and this bound is sharp.Borodin (1987), answering a question by Erdős, proved that every planar graph without vertices of degree less than&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> contains such an edge.Moreover, Borodin (1991) strengthened this result by proving that there exists either a <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,10) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-, <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (4,7) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-, or <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (5,6) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge.For <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-polytopes, upper bounds were obtained for the minimal weight (the sum of the degrees of the end vertices) of all its edges, denoted by&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; of edges incident to a <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-face, denoted by <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w^{*} $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; and of edges incident to two <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-faces, denoted by <InlineEquation ID="IEq28"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w^{**} $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.In&#xa0;particular, Borodin (1996) proved that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq29"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w^{**}=\infty $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, i.e., there are no edges incident to two <InlineEquation ID="IEq30"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-faces, then either <InlineEquation ID="IEq31"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w^{*}\leq 9 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq32"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w\leq 8 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and both bounds are the best possible.Recently, we have strengthened this fact by proving that <InlineEquation ID="IEq33"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w^{**}=\infty $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> implies the existence of either a <InlineEquation ID="IEq34"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,6) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge or a <InlineEquation ID="IEq35"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (4,4) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge incident to a <InlineEquation ID="IEq36"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-face, or else a <InlineEquation ID="IEq37"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,5) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge, with an exact description.(It is well known that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq38"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,5) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edges are present, then <InlineEquation ID="IEq39"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-faces may be absent altogether.)The aim of our paper is to strengthen the above result by proving that <InlineEquation ID="IEq40"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ w^{**}=\infty $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> implies either a <InlineEquation ID="IEq41"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,6) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge surrounded by a <InlineEquation ID="IEq42"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-face and a <InlineEquation ID="IEq43"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 4 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-face, or a <InlineEquation ID="IEq44"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (4,4) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge surrounded by a <InlineEquation ID="IEq45"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-face and a <InlineEquation ID="IEq46"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 7^{-} $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-face, or a <InlineEquation ID="IEq47"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ (3,5) $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-edge, where none of the parameters can be improved.The main difficulty was to construct a <InlineEquation ID="IEq48"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-polytope confirming the sharpness of&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq49"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 7 $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in&#xa0;this description.</p>

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Description of Edges Incident to \( 3 \)-Faces in \( 3 \)-Polytopes without Adjacent \( 3 \)-Faces

  • O. V. Borodin,
  • A. O. Ivanova

摘要

The weight $ w(e) $ of an edge $ e $ in a $ 3 $ -polytope is the sum of the degrees of its end vertices.An edge $ e=uv $ is an $ (i,j) $ -edge if $ d(u)\leq i $ and $ d(v)\leq j $ .In 1940, Lebesgue proved that every $ 3 $ -polytope contains a $ (3,11) $ -, $ (4,7) $ -, or $ (5,6) $ -edge, where $ 7 $ and $ 6 $ are the best possible.In 1955, Kotzig proved that every $ 3 $ -polytope contains an edge whose end-vertex degrees sum to at most $ 13 $ , and this bound is sharp.Borodin (1987), answering a question by Erdős, proved that every planar graph without vertices of degree less than  $ 3 $ contains such an edge.Moreover, Borodin (1991) strengthened this result by proving that there exists either a $ (3,10) $ -, $ (4,7) $ -, or $ (5,6) $ -edge.For $ 3 $ -polytopes, upper bounds were obtained for the minimal weight (the sum of the degrees of the end vertices) of all its edges, denoted by  $ w $ ; of edges incident to a $ 3 $ -face, denoted by $ w^{*} $ ; and of edges incident to two $ 3 $ -faces, denoted by $ w^{**} $ .In particular, Borodin (1996) proved that if $ w^{**}=\infty $ , i.e., there are no edges incident to two $ 3 $ -faces, then either $ w^{*}\leq 9 $ or $ w\leq 8 $ , and both bounds are the best possible.Recently, we have strengthened this fact by proving that $ w^{**}=\infty $ implies the existence of either a $ (3,6) $ -edge or a $ (4,4) $ -edge incident to a $ 3 $ -face, or else a $ (3,5) $ -edge, with an exact description.(It is well known that if $ (3,5) $ -edges are present, then $ 3 $ -faces may be absent altogether.)The aim of our paper is to strengthen the above result by proving that $ w^{**}=\infty $ implies either a $ (3,6) $ -edge surrounded by a $ 3 $ -face and a $ 4 $ -face, or a $ (4,4) $ -edge surrounded by a $ 3 $ -face and a $ 7^{-} $ -face, or a $ (3,5) $ -edge, where none of the parameters can be improved.The main difficulty was to construct a $ 3 $ -polytope confirming the sharpness of  $ 7 $ in this description.