Enhancement in the Phase Behaviour of NASICON-Type La3+ Substituted LiZr2 (PO4)3 with Improved Ionic Conductivity as Solid Electrolyte for Solid State Batteries
摘要
Li1+xZr2–xLax (PO4)3 (where x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) solid electrolytes with a NASICON structure are synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The impact of replacing Zr4+ with La3+ on the morphology, ionic conductivity and structure of the parent compound LiZr2(PO4)3 (LZP) is examined. X-ray diffraction data of the prepared powder indicates that substituting La3+ stabilizes LZP in the high conductive rhombohedral R3– c phase at normal room temperature. The introduction of lanthanum into the LZP resulted in a noticeable shift of high-intensity bands towards lower wavenumbers, along with an enhancement in the peak intensities at 472 and 490 cm–1 in the Raman spectra. A significant increase in grain size and a reduction in porosity were observed, leading to a notable enhancement in relative density when La3+ was substituted for Zr4+ were noticed by SEM analysis. The La3+ substituted LZP reveals improved ionic conductivities, achieving a higher value of 0.52 × 10–4 S/cm at normal room temperature for the composition LiZrLa(PO4)3 (x = 0.15). Further, measured at low operating temperatures exhibited a hike in its ionic conductivity of 0.54 × 10–3 S/cm at 350°C. The enhancement in conductivity of LZP with the trivalent ion La3+, which has a similar ionic radius to Zr4+ (0.72 Ǻ), is also discussed. Moreover, the activation energy of about 0.4 eV for the La3+ substituted LZP with x = 0.15 which confirms the excellent ionic conducting properties of this solid electrolyte. Notably, the NASICON type LZP with La3+ substitution (x = 0.15) shows commendable chemical and structural stability after being exposed to water, air, Li metal, and both acidic and basic solutions.