Abstract <p>Ternary Ti–Sc–O thin films were prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 300°C via the alternation of reaction cycles with the TiCl<sub>4</sub> or Sc(MeCp)<sub>3</sub> precursor and H<sub>2</sub>O as the co-reactant. Materials with [Sc]/([Ti] + [Sc]) = 13, 25, 44, 64, or 82% were prepared at various ratios between the alternating cycles. The films were characterized by spectroscopic and single-wavelength null ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. Film growth occurred within the temperature window of ALD and was substrate-inhibited. The dominant oxidation states of the metals were Ti<sup>4+</sup> and Sc<sup>3+</sup>. Low scandium concentrations (up to [Sc]/([Ti] + [Sc]) = 25%) suppressed film crystallization into anatase as opposed to what was observed for TiO<sub>2</sub> films. The materials formed in the range [Sc]/([Ti] + [Sc]) = 44–100% had cubic structures; as the scandium concentration increases, the structure changed from disordered fluorite Sc<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> to Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-base cubic solid solution. The refractive indices <i>n</i>(<i>E</i>), absorption coefficients <i>k</i>(<i>E</i>), and optical bandgaps were well fitted to the Tauc–Lorentz model with a sharp absorption edge. They varied between the respective parameters of TiO<sub>2</sub> and Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> depending on the composition, which is topical for applied problems in optics, photonics, solar energy, and photocatalysis.</p>

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Growth Characteristics, Phase Composition, and Optical Properties of Ti–Sc–O Thin Films Synthesized by Atomic Layer Deposition

  • D. E. Petukhova,
  • I. V. Korolkov,
  • A. A. Saraev,
  • M. S. Lebedev

摘要

Abstract

Ternary Ti–Sc–O thin films were prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 300°C via the alternation of reaction cycles with the TiCl4 or Sc(MeCp)3 precursor and H2O as the co-reactant. Materials with [Sc]/([Ti] + [Sc]) = 13, 25, 44, 64, or 82% were prepared at various ratios between the alternating cycles. The films were characterized by spectroscopic and single-wavelength null ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. Film growth occurred within the temperature window of ALD and was substrate-inhibited. The dominant oxidation states of the metals were Ti4+ and Sc3+. Low scandium concentrations (up to [Sc]/([Ti] + [Sc]) = 25%) suppressed film crystallization into anatase as opposed to what was observed for TiO2 films. The materials formed in the range [Sc]/([Ti] + [Sc]) = 44–100% had cubic structures; as the scandium concentration increases, the structure changed from disordered fluorite Sc4Ti3O12 to Sc2O3-base cubic solid solution. The refractive indices n(E), absorption coefficients k(E), and optical bandgaps were well fitted to the Tauc–Lorentz model with a sharp absorption edge. They varied between the respective parameters of TiO2 and Sc2O3 depending on the composition, which is topical for applied problems in optics, photonics, solar energy, and photocatalysis.