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Abstract <p>This study reports the green synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1<i>H</i>)-one (DHPM) via the Biginelli reaction using aluminum-pillared montmorillonite (Al-Mt), a catalyst derived from Algerian clay. The catalyst was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming successful pillaring and enhanced surface area and acidity. Catalytic activity was evaluated under various environmentally friendly conditions, including solvent-free systems, ultrasound irradiation, solar irradiation, and grindstone (mechanochemical) methods. Al-Mt exhibited high efficiency, achieving a 96% yield under solvent-free conditions and 91% yield via grindstone chemistry in just 2.5 h. Solar irradiation also showed promising results with a 64% yield. Compared to raw montmorillonite, the pillared catalyst significantly improved conversion and reaction time. This work highlights Al-Mt as an effective, low-cost, and reusable catalyst for sustainable heterocyclic synthesis, with the grindstone and solar methods representing eco-friendly strategies in DHPM production.</p>

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Comparative Study: Ultrasound, Solar, and Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one Catalyzed Al-Pillared Montmorillonite under Solvent Free Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Lamia Bouchenka,
  • Farida Bouremmad,
  • Souaad Khodja,
  • Federico Berti,
  • Fulvia Felluga,
  • Musa Mutlu Can,
  • Mehmet Ali Gulgun

摘要

Abstract

This study reports the green synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (DHPM) via the Biginelli reaction using aluminum-pillared montmorillonite (Al-Mt), a catalyst derived from Algerian clay. The catalyst was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming successful pillaring and enhanced surface area and acidity. Catalytic activity was evaluated under various environmentally friendly conditions, including solvent-free systems, ultrasound irradiation, solar irradiation, and grindstone (mechanochemical) methods. Al-Mt exhibited high efficiency, achieving a 96% yield under solvent-free conditions and 91% yield via grindstone chemistry in just 2.5 h. Solar irradiation also showed promising results with a 64% yield. Compared to raw montmorillonite, the pillared catalyst significantly improved conversion and reaction time. This work highlights Al-Mt as an effective, low-cost, and reusable catalyst for sustainable heterocyclic synthesis, with the grindstone and solar methods representing eco-friendly strategies in DHPM production.