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Abstract <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes metabolic disturbancesand skeletal muscle pathology. Aerobic training (AT) improves insulinsensitivity, while lycopene (LYC) has antidiabetic and anti-inflammatoryproperties. This study evaluated the individual and combined therapeuticeffects of AT and LYC on skeletal muscle alterations in a T2DM ratmodel. Forty-eight adult male Albino rats were divided into sixgroups (<i>n</i> = 8): negative control, LYCcontrol, T2DM, T2DM-AT, T2DM-LYC, and T2DM-AT-LYC. T2DM was inducedusing a high-fat/high-fructose diet followed by Streptozotocin injection.Interventions were applied for 8 weeks. Body weight, food intake,gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) weight, fasting blood glucose, fastinginsulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were assessed. Muscle histology,collagen deposition, and expression of LC3A-II (autophagy marker)and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were evaluated. T2DM inducedhyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia,inflammation, elevated muscle enzymes, and reduced GCM mass. Histologically,diabetic muscles showed fiber distortion and increased collagendeposition, with elevated autophagy and apoptosis markers. AT and/orLYC significantly improved metabolic parameters, reduced inflammationand muscle enzyme levels, preserved muscle mass, and improved musclearchitecture. LYC mainly improved metabolic, inflammatory, and enzymaticdisturbances, whereas AT more effectively suppressed autophagy andapoptosis. Combined AT-LYC treatment produced additive and superiorbenefits across all outcomes. In conclusion, Aerobic training and lycopene,individually and synergistically, protect against T2DM-induced skeletalmuscle pathology by improving metabolic control, reducing inflammation,and attenuating autophagy and apoptosis, supporting combined lifestyleand nutraceutical interventions in diabetes management.</p>

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Therapeutic Effects of Lycopene and Aerobic Exercise in Skeletal Muscles Myopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Hassnaa M. A. Aleem,
  • Rasha M. Ali,
  • Marwa H. Bakr,
  • Enas A. Hamed

摘要

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes metabolic disturbancesand skeletal muscle pathology. Aerobic training (AT) improves insulinsensitivity, while lycopene (LYC) has antidiabetic and anti-inflammatoryproperties. This study evaluated the individual and combined therapeuticeffects of AT and LYC on skeletal muscle alterations in a T2DM ratmodel. Forty-eight adult male Albino rats were divided into sixgroups (n = 8): negative control, LYCcontrol, T2DM, T2DM-AT, T2DM-LYC, and T2DM-AT-LYC. T2DM was inducedusing a high-fat/high-fructose diet followed by Streptozotocin injection.Interventions were applied for 8 weeks. Body weight, food intake,gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) weight, fasting blood glucose, fastinginsulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were assessed. Muscle histology,collagen deposition, and expression of LC3A-II (autophagy marker)and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were evaluated. T2DM inducedhyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia,inflammation, elevated muscle enzymes, and reduced GCM mass. Histologically,diabetic muscles showed fiber distortion and increased collagendeposition, with elevated autophagy and apoptosis markers. AT and/orLYC significantly improved metabolic parameters, reduced inflammationand muscle enzyme levels, preserved muscle mass, and improved musclearchitecture. LYC mainly improved metabolic, inflammatory, and enzymaticdisturbances, whereas AT more effectively suppressed autophagy andapoptosis. Combined AT-LYC treatment produced additive and superiorbenefits across all outcomes. In conclusion, Aerobic training and lycopene,individually and synergistically, protect against T2DM-induced skeletalmuscle pathology by improving metabolic control, reducing inflammation,and attenuating autophagy and apoptosis, supporting combined lifestyleand nutraceutical interventions in diabetes management.