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Abstract <p>Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) occupy a specialplace in the classification of neurons. Alongside sensory functions,they perform efferent roles, receive excitatory synaptic inputs,and project to other neurons; in this context, they can also beconsidered interneurons. IPANs exhibit a Dogiel type II morphology,are cholinergic, and may contain intermediate (145 kDa, NF-M) orheavy (200 kDa, NF-H) neurofilaments, neuromedin U, calcium-bindingproteins calbindin and calretinin, as well as calcitonin gene-relatedpeptide (CGRP). They are polymodal, responding to physiologically adequatemechanical stimuli and chemical components of the intestinal lumen,and modulate immune cell activity. IPANs can be identified electrophysiologicallyby the presence of a pronounced afterhyperpolarization (AHP). IPANexcitability can be modulated synaptically and by inflammatory mediatorsvia second messenger cascades. This article reviews current conceptsof the structural, functional, and transcriptomic features of IPANs,their changes during postnatal ontogenesis and under pathologicalprocesses.</p>

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Intrinsic Primary Afferent Neurons of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Polyfunctional and Polymodal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月19日

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  • P. M. Masliukov,
  • V. V. Porseva,
  • A. F. Budnik,
  • E. V. Salnikov

摘要

Abstract

Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) occupy a specialplace in the classification of neurons. Alongside sensory functions,they perform efferent roles, receive excitatory synaptic inputs,and project to other neurons; in this context, they can also beconsidered interneurons. IPANs exhibit a Dogiel type II morphology,are cholinergic, and may contain intermediate (145 kDa, NF-M) orheavy (200 kDa, NF-H) neurofilaments, neuromedin U, calcium-bindingproteins calbindin and calretinin, as well as calcitonin gene-relatedpeptide (CGRP). They are polymodal, responding to physiologically adequatemechanical stimuli and chemical components of the intestinal lumen,and modulate immune cell activity. IPANs can be identified electrophysiologicallyby the presence of a pronounced afterhyperpolarization (AHP). IPANexcitability can be modulated synaptically and by inflammatory mediatorsvia second messenger cascades. This article reviews current conceptsof the structural, functional, and transcriptomic features of IPANs,their changes during postnatal ontogenesis and under pathologicalprocesses.