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Abstract <p>Thioredoxins (TRXs) are a widespread family of proteins essentialfor the redox regulation of other proteins and enzymes, influencingthe activation and deactivation of various biochemical pathwaysin plants and all life domains. A key feature of TRXs is their evolutionalongside rising atmospheric oxygen levels and its derivatives.Since their discovery, substantial efforts have been made to identifypotential TRX targets for redox regulation, with a focus primarilyon their reducing capabilities. However, the identification of TRX-like2.2 has introduced a novel perspective on plant metabolism. WhileTRXs have traditionally been understood to donate reducing powervia their free thiol groups, recent findings show that TRX-like2.2 can oxidize proteins in the Calvin-Benson cycle and the plastidglycolytic pathway, challenging our previous understanding of redoxmetabolism. Additionally, new studies reveal that TRX-<i>f</i> regulates the photosynthetic andglycolytic pathways in illuminated leaves, while TRX-like 2.2 activates andinactivates FBPase and PFK5 through oxidation. This raises questionsabout whether other TRX isoforms play similar or additional rolesin other cellular compartments, such as the cytosol and mitochondria.Recent data also suggest that the mitochondrial thioredoxin (mTRX)system helps coordinate metabolic fluxes in the tricarboxylic acid(TCA) cycle and associated pathways. In this review, we will explorethe significant roles of TRX proteins across species and investigatethe consequences of redox regulation mediated by TRX-like 2.2. Wewill also discuss the implications for future research focused onredox regulation through TRX and its involvement in carbon and nitrogen metabolism.</p>

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Redefining Redox Regulation in Plants: The Evolving Role of Thioredoxins and TRX-Like 2.2 in Plant Metabolism

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月1日

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  • P. V. L. Souza,
  • A. E. Vieira-Neto

摘要

Abstract

Thioredoxins (TRXs) are a widespread family of proteins essentialfor the redox regulation of other proteins and enzymes, influencingthe activation and deactivation of various biochemical pathwaysin plants and all life domains. A key feature of TRXs is their evolutionalongside rising atmospheric oxygen levels and its derivatives.Since their discovery, substantial efforts have been made to identifypotential TRX targets for redox regulation, with a focus primarilyon their reducing capabilities. However, the identification of TRX-like2.2 has introduced a novel perspective on plant metabolism. WhileTRXs have traditionally been understood to donate reducing powervia their free thiol groups, recent findings show that TRX-like2.2 can oxidize proteins in the Calvin-Benson cycle and the plastidglycolytic pathway, challenging our previous understanding of redoxmetabolism. Additionally, new studies reveal that TRX-f regulates the photosynthetic andglycolytic pathways in illuminated leaves, while TRX-like 2.2 activates andinactivates FBPase and PFK5 through oxidation. This raises questionsabout whether other TRX isoforms play similar or additional rolesin other cellular compartments, such as the cytosol and mitochondria.Recent data also suggest that the mitochondrial thioredoxin (mTRX)system helps coordinate metabolic fluxes in the tricarboxylic acid(TCA) cycle and associated pathways. In this review, we will explorethe significant roles of TRX proteins across species and investigatethe consequences of redox regulation mediated by TRX-like 2.2. Wewill also discuss the implications for future research focused onredox regulation through TRX and its involvement in carbon and nitrogen metabolism.