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Abstract <p>Users of the single frequency (SF) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are most affected by ionospheric delay, especially when solar and geomagnetic activity are at their strongest. Predicting the ionosphere total electron content (TEC) accordingly is therefore crucial for better replacement. Using Seasonal conditions and two intense geomagnetic storms that happened on 1 January and 12 November 2025, during solar cycle 25. This study examine the performance of three broadcast models over the low latitude Indian region. The models are Klobuchar (GPS), NeQuick-G (Galileo) and Neustrelitz TEC Model for Galileo (NTCM-G). we compare the TEC estimation from four GNSS stations (DRDN, BHPL, HYDE, and IISC), spanning low to high latitudes, are validated against the UPCG Global Ionospheric Map (GIM). Model performance is assessed using mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). Results show that the NTCM-G model consistently outperforms the Klobuchar and NeQuick-G models under both quiet and disturbed conditions. During the January storm, the NTCM-G model achieves a minimum RMSE of 11.68 TECU, while corresponding errors for NeQuick-G and Klobuchar reach 27.61 TECU and 22.63 TECU, respectively. Similar improvements are observed during the November storm event. Overall, the NTCM-G model demonstrates superior robustness in capturing seasonal variability and storm-time ionospheric disturbances, highlighting its suitability for enhanced ionospheric correction for SF GNSS applications over low-latitude regions.</p>

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Evaluating the Performance of GNSS NTCM-G Ionospheric Broadcast Model over the Indian Low-Latitude Region

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Chakali Raja Sekhar,
  • Devanaboyina Venkata Ratnam

摘要

Abstract

Users of the single frequency (SF) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are most affected by ionospheric delay, especially when solar and geomagnetic activity are at their strongest. Predicting the ionosphere total electron content (TEC) accordingly is therefore crucial for better replacement. Using Seasonal conditions and two intense geomagnetic storms that happened on 1 January and 12 November 2025, during solar cycle 25. This study examine the performance of three broadcast models over the low latitude Indian region. The models are Klobuchar (GPS), NeQuick-G (Galileo) and Neustrelitz TEC Model for Galileo (NTCM-G). we compare the TEC estimation from four GNSS stations (DRDN, BHPL, HYDE, and IISC), spanning low to high latitudes, are validated against the UPCG Global Ionospheric Map (GIM). Model performance is assessed using mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). Results show that the NTCM-G model consistently outperforms the Klobuchar and NeQuick-G models under both quiet and disturbed conditions. During the January storm, the NTCM-G model achieves a minimum RMSE of 11.68 TECU, while corresponding errors for NeQuick-G and Klobuchar reach 27.61 TECU and 22.63 TECU, respectively. Similar improvements are observed during the November storm event. Overall, the NTCM-G model demonstrates superior robustness in capturing seasonal variability and storm-time ionospheric disturbances, highlighting its suitability for enhanced ionospheric correction for SF GNSS applications over low-latitude regions.