Acceleration Parameters of Coronal Mass Ejections Associated with Solar Proton Events of February–July 2023

The methods proposed earlier by the authors to extrapolate the positions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) to the propagation times from the beginning to the escape into interplanetary space by the SOHO/LASCO coronagraph data have been used. This makes it possible to obtain the CME kinematic parameters needed to refine the solar proton acceleration model for the events of February 17, 24–25, and 28 and July 16–17, 2023 (the most significant proton events of the ascending phase of solar cycle 25). For proton flares on the visible disk of the Sun, it is found that CMEs should have started to accelerate before the selected zero time (heating of the flare plasma to 12 MK (GOES), electron acceleration greater than 100 keV, and the onset of nonthermal emission (ACS SPI, RSTN). Particle and CME accelerations continue at least during the active phase of the flare (T > 12 MK). Evidence has been obtained for the sequential acceleration of two CMEs, slow and fast, in the event of February 25, 2023, when the second CME caught up with the first and engulfed it (“cannibalism”).