The Substorms Impact on Processes in the Ionosphere and Plasmasphere of the Earth

During magnetospheric substorms in the F region of the ionosphere and up to altitudes of ~1000 km, a polarization jet (PJ) is developed. Measurements of energetic ring current ions on the AMPTE/CCE satellite and driftmeter data on the DMSP satellites evidence that the formation of PJ is associated with the injection of energetic ions (10–100 keV) into the inner magnetosphere during substorms. In the region of PJ development, the characteristics of the ionospheric plasma change: the plasma density decreases, sometimes by an order of magnitude, and at the same time, the plasma temperature increases significantly. In addition, simultaneously with the westward plasma drift, upward plasma drift is usually observed. The upward ion flux from the region of PJ development of ~10⁹ cm^–2 s^–1 is an order of magnitude greater than the average daytime ion flux from the ionosphere to the plasmasphere. Measurements on the MAGION-5 satellite in the plasmasphere on the same L-shells, where the polarization jet is recorded in the ionosphere, show an increase in the cold ion density. The density “humps” observed near the plasmapause are apparently formed due to plasma flows from the ionosphere accompanying the formation of the polarization jet. Thus, the consequences of substorms are observed throughout almost the entire magnetosphere.