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Abstract <p>The impact and subsequent freezing of droplets on cold surfaces are critical phenomena in the aerospace, energy, and power industries, often compromising equipment integrity and operational performance. While dingle-droplet impacts have been extensively studied, systematic investigations into the sequential impact of multiple droplets—a more representative scenario in engineering applications—remain limited. In this work, we integrate experimental characterization with theoretical modeling to examine the impact, spreading, and freezing dynamics of two successive droplets on an inclined ice-covered aluminum substrate. Experiments were conducted across a range of inclination angles (0°–30°), surface temperatures (–30 to –15°C), and impact heights (20–50 cm). Our results reveal that the second droplet undergoes asymmetric spreading over the pre-frozen layer, governed by the coupled influence of thermal and geometric parameters on freezing duration. By applying energy conservation principles, we developed a theoretical model to predicts the maximum spreading diameter. This model incorporates key mechanisms, including dynamic contact angle evolution, ice-layer melting, and energy dissipation during phase change, achieving a prediction error within 2%. Furthermore, the observation that droplet behavior stabilizes after the third impact provides valuable theoretical insights and a robust predictive framework for the design of advanced anti-icing systems.</p>

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Investigation of Spreading and Freezing during Sequential Droplet Impacts on an Inclined Ice Surface

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月28日

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  • Y. Liu,
  • D. Wang,
  • J. Wang,
  • Z. Liu,
  • J. Wang,
  • Y. Shang,
  • D. Li

摘要

Abstract

The impact and subsequent freezing of droplets on cold surfaces are critical phenomena in the aerospace, energy, and power industries, often compromising equipment integrity and operational performance. While dingle-droplet impacts have been extensively studied, systematic investigations into the sequential impact of multiple droplets—a more representative scenario in engineering applications—remain limited. In this work, we integrate experimental characterization with theoretical modeling to examine the impact, spreading, and freezing dynamics of two successive droplets on an inclined ice-covered aluminum substrate. Experiments were conducted across a range of inclination angles (0°–30°), surface temperatures (–30 to –15°C), and impact heights (20–50 cm). Our results reveal that the second droplet undergoes asymmetric spreading over the pre-frozen layer, governed by the coupled influence of thermal and geometric parameters on freezing duration. By applying energy conservation principles, we developed a theoretical model to predicts the maximum spreading diameter. This model incorporates key mechanisms, including dynamic contact angle evolution, ice-layer melting, and energy dissipation during phase change, achieving a prediction error within 2%. Furthermore, the observation that droplet behavior stabilizes after the third impact provides valuable theoretical insights and a robust predictive framework for the design of advanced anti-icing systems.