Paraptosis and Other Types of Nonapoptotic Regulated Cell Death

This review is devoted to modern concepts of paraptosis as one of the types of regulated cell death, in comparison with other types of cell death. Paraptosis is a form of cell death caused by stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accompanied by the accumulation of damaged or incorrectly folded proteins in it, extensive nonautophagic vacuolation of the cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and, in some cases, mitochondria, with subsequent damage to the mitochondria and cytoskeleton and cell death. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of paraptosis is of interest for the treatment of cancer diseases resistant to apoptosis-inducing agents.