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Abstract <p>Cytokines play a critical role in brain functioning by modulating neurotransmitter and energy metabolism, neuroplasticity, and neuronal activity. Dysregulated or excessive cytokine production can disrupt neuronal metabolic processes and contribute to brain dysfunction. Among the proposed mechanisms underlying the development and progression of affective disorders (ADs), the cytokine hypothesis emphasizes the role of inflammatory markers as key factors in the development of depressive pathologies. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular characteristics of selected immunoinflammatory markers in patients with&#xa0;AD. The study included 239 patients diagnosed with AD and 205 healthy controls. Polymorphic variants of the immunoinflammatory genes <i>IL1B</i> (<i>rs16944</i>, <i>rs1143627</i>), <i>IL13</i> (<i>rs1295686</i>), <i>TNFB</i> (<i>rs2229094</i>), and <i>TGFA</i> (<i>rs2166975</i>) were analyzed, and cytokine levels in the blood serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured. As&#xa0;association was identified between the <i>rs2229094</i> polymorphism of the <i>TNFB</i> gene and&#xa0;AD: the carriage of the <i>A</i>&#xa0;allele and the <i>AA</i>&#xa0;genotype of this variant was associated with an increased risk of&#xa0;AD. Furthermore, the levels of TGF-α and IL-13 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the serum content of TNF-β were significantly elevated in patients with AD compared with healthy controls. These pilot findings suggest that the studied cytokines may contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying development of ADs.</p>

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Immunoinflammatory Markers in Patients with Affective Disorders: Genetic Polymorphisms, Peripheral Cytokine Levels, and Expression of IL-1β, IL-13, TNF-β, and TGF-α in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Ekaterina V. Mikhalitskaya,
  • Lyudmila A. Levchuk,
  • Anastasia S. Boiko,
  • Natalya M. Vyalova,
  • Elena V. Epimakhova,
  • Diana Z. Paderina,
  • Olga V. Roschina,
  • German G. Simutkin,
  • Nikolay A. Bokhan,
  • Svetlana A. Ivanova

摘要

Abstract

Cytokines play a critical role in brain functioning by modulating neurotransmitter and energy metabolism, neuroplasticity, and neuronal activity. Dysregulated or excessive cytokine production can disrupt neuronal metabolic processes and contribute to brain dysfunction. Among the proposed mechanisms underlying the development and progression of affective disorders (ADs), the cytokine hypothesis emphasizes the role of inflammatory markers as key factors in the development of depressive pathologies. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular characteristics of selected immunoinflammatory markers in patients with AD. The study included 239 patients diagnosed with AD and 205 healthy controls. Polymorphic variants of the immunoinflammatory genes IL1B (rs16944, rs1143627), IL13 (rs1295686), TNFB (rs2229094), and TGFA (rs2166975) were analyzed, and cytokine levels in the blood serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured. As association was identified between the rs2229094 polymorphism of the TNFB gene and AD: the carriage of the A allele and the AA genotype of this variant was associated with an increased risk of AD. Furthermore, the levels of TGF-α and IL-13 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the serum content of TNF-β were significantly elevated in patients with AD compared with healthy controls. These pilot findings suggest that the studied cytokines may contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying development of ADs.