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Abstract <p>High energy consumption, fluctuating network circumstances, and scalability concerns all pose substantial challenges to the efficient functioning and scalability of IoT and ITS networks. In such dynamic contexts, existing routing protocols frequently fall short of striking a balance between energy efficiency and adaptability, underscoring the need for a reliable solution. This paper suggests the dynamic energy-efficient zone routing (DEEZR) algorithm, a novel hybrid framework that combines zone-based routing methods with energy-efficient clustering, to address these issues. Based on HEED principles, DEEZR starts with the creation of energy-efficient clusters, using proximity and residual energy to choose the best cluster head. Network lifespan is ensured by the ideal cluster head rotation determined by the prediction model incorporated into the clustering phase. Building on this, DEEZR uses a zone-based routing technique that was influenced by ZRP. Reactive routing is used for intercluster communication to minimize control overhead, while proactive tactics are used for intracluster routing to reduce latency. Furthermore, a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) balances energy consumption and communication efficiency by dynamically optimizing the zone radius while considering node mobility, residual energy, and traffic patterns. Compared to baseline protocols, simulation findings show that DEEZR considerably improves energy usage by 0.3 J, bandwidth by 0.8&#xa0;mbps, rounds by 4500, and PDR by 99.9%. DEEZR’s dynamic zoning feature optimizes resource usage and guarantees reliable performance by modifying cluster sizes and topologies in response to shifting network conditions. Because of these advancements, DEEZR is especially useful for extensive IoT and ITS applications, providing a sustainable solution for dynamic and energy-constrained settings.</p>

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Dynamic Energy-Efficient Zone Routing (DEEZR): A Synergistic Approach for Optimizing Its Networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月1日

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  • Saravana Sivakumar V,
  • Jeena Jacob I

摘要

Abstract

High energy consumption, fluctuating network circumstances, and scalability concerns all pose substantial challenges to the efficient functioning and scalability of IoT and ITS networks. In such dynamic contexts, existing routing protocols frequently fall short of striking a balance between energy efficiency and adaptability, underscoring the need for a reliable solution. This paper suggests the dynamic energy-efficient zone routing (DEEZR) algorithm, a novel hybrid framework that combines zone-based routing methods with energy-efficient clustering, to address these issues. Based on HEED principles, DEEZR starts with the creation of energy-efficient clusters, using proximity and residual energy to choose the best cluster head. Network lifespan is ensured by the ideal cluster head rotation determined by the prediction model incorporated into the clustering phase. Building on this, DEEZR uses a zone-based routing technique that was influenced by ZRP. Reactive routing is used for intercluster communication to minimize control overhead, while proactive tactics are used for intracluster routing to reduce latency. Furthermore, a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) balances energy consumption and communication efficiency by dynamically optimizing the zone radius while considering node mobility, residual energy, and traffic patterns. Compared to baseline protocols, simulation findings show that DEEZR considerably improves energy usage by 0.3 J, bandwidth by 0.8 mbps, rounds by 4500, and PDR by 99.9%. DEEZR’s dynamic zoning feature optimizes resource usage and guarantees reliable performance by modifying cluster sizes and topologies in response to shifting network conditions. Because of these advancements, DEEZR is especially useful for extensive IoT and ITS applications, providing a sustainable solution for dynamic and energy-constrained settings.