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Abstract <p>The escalating threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens necessitates urgent exploration of natural antimicrobial alternatives. This study identified a novel surfactin-producing <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> strain ZCK-1 isolated from environmental soil. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 4 043 370 bp (GC content: 43.73%) encoding 4041 protein-coding genes, including biosynthetic gene clusters for lipopeptides. A surfactin extract was obtained through XAD 16N macroporous resin adsorption coupled with ethanol elution and vacuum rotary evaporation. The surfactin demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against clinically critical Gram-positive pathogens, notably <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, <i>Corynebacterium striatum</i>, and drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant <i>Enterococcus</i> (VRE). Mechanistic studies revealed dual modes of action: disrupting bacterial membrane integrity and degrading genomic DNA. The compound exhibited remarkable thermal stability (100°C, 30 min) and tolerance to extreme pH (2.0–13.0), proteases (trypsin/pepsin), while remaining susceptible to lipase-mediated degradation. Acute oral toxicity assays in murine models confirmed biosafety (LD<sub>50</sub> &gt; 5000 mg/kg). These findings position surfactin from <i>B. subtilis</i> ZCK-1 as a promising candidate for combating MDR infections in clinical and industrial settings.</p>

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Combating Clinically Isolated Pathogens with Surfactin from a Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis ZCK-1: from Strain Characterization to Therapeutic Potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • M. Zhang,
  • J. Dong,
  • L. Zhang,
  • Y. Lv,
  • Y. Guo,
  • Z. Wang

摘要

Abstract

The escalating threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens necessitates urgent exploration of natural antimicrobial alternatives. This study identified a novel surfactin-producing Bacillus subtilis strain ZCK-1 isolated from environmental soil. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 4 043 370 bp (GC content: 43.73%) encoding 4041 protein-coding genes, including biosynthetic gene clusters for lipopeptides. A surfactin extract was obtained through XAD 16N macroporous resin adsorption coupled with ethanol elution and vacuum rotary evaporation. The surfactin demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against clinically critical Gram-positive pathogens, notably Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium striatum, and drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Mechanistic studies revealed dual modes of action: disrupting bacterial membrane integrity and degrading genomic DNA. The compound exhibited remarkable thermal stability (100°C, 30 min) and tolerance to extreme pH (2.0–13.0), proteases (trypsin/pepsin), while remaining susceptible to lipase-mediated degradation. Acute oral toxicity assays in murine models confirmed biosafety (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg). These findings position surfactin from B. subtilis ZCK-1 as a promising candidate for combating MDR infections in clinical and industrial settings.