Abstract <p>The aim of this study is to determine the mechanisms of large-scale current formation and eddy dynamics. The seasonal variability of the components of the energy balance has been identified. For this purpose, the results of numerical hydrodynamic modeling of the Euxine Cascade were used. Based on these data, energy fluxes between the atmosphere and surface currents were calculated and analyzed, and estimates and characteristics of the seasonal variability of energy characteristics of the currents in the Black Sea were obtained. Eddy dynamics primarily arise due to wind forcing and baroclinic instability. The kinetic energy of the mean currents increases due to the available potential energy, which is converted into kinetic energy through buoyancy forces. A weak influence of atmospheric forcing on the variability of the potential energy of mean and fluctuating currents was determined. The variability of this type of energy is more strongly influenced by baroclinic instability and the work of buoyancy forces.</p>