New Challenges in the Development of Climate Monitoring and Modeling in the Context of Russia’s Response to Global Climate Change

Data from observations, modeling, and projecting of the state and changes of the earth system, as well as the factors affecting it, serve as a key information basis for the development, practical implementation, and subsequent assessment of the effectiveness of the national climate policies—both domestic and foreign—regarding the goals and paths, limits, and mechanisms of adaptation to climate change and mitigation of anthropogenic impact on climate. The solution of these problems is largely intended to be facilitated by the Federal Scientific and Technical Program (FSTP) in the field of Environmental Development of the Russian Federation and Climate Change for 2021–2030. This program is synergistic with the Key Innovative Project of National Importance (KIPNI) aimed at creating and developing the Unified National System for Monitoring Climate-Active Substances. The mission of the FSTP–KIPNI is to develop and improve the infrastructure and technologies for monitoring and modeling to obtain internationally recognized domestic data in the field of ecology and climate, including products created on their basis. Since 2022, the FSTP–KIPNI has been implemented by six consortia, uniting approximately 50 research and educational organizations in the following areas: (1) Earth System: Modeling and Prediction; (2) Ocean: Monitoring and Adaptation; (3) Land: Monitoring and Adaptation; (4) Carbon in Ecosystems: Monitoring; (5) Climate Economics; and (6) Anthropogenic Emissions: Cadaster. In the article, the tasks that fall within the framework of Land: Monitoring and Adaptation are discussed.