Diagnostics of Squalls Passing Through the Obninsk High-Altitude Instrumental Tower in 2014–2023

Due to their local, sudden nature, which complicates forecasts, squalls often cause significant material damage and are classified as extreme weather events. Diagnosing squalls and increasing the accuracy of modeling to improve their operational forecasting is very relevant. Determining the main characteristics of squalls by diagnosing particular cases and analyzing such cases is of great interest in order to establish causes of extreme events, which are still insufficiently studied. The source of obtaining primary information on the characteristics of squalls is the processing of a large array of observational data from a high-altitude meteorological mast (HMM) of the Institute of Experimental Meteorology of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Research and Production Association Typhoon, presented in this article for 2014–2023. Such experimental data on a number of long-term observations on the HMM has made it possible, after processing and analyzing the velocity fields, to fix intense squalls passing through the sector. The main characteristics of these special cases of squalls are obtained and analyzed, some of which are simultaneously simulated using the WRF-ARW nonhydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model, adapted for the observation area; verification is also carried out with data from field experiments. A good agreement between the results and observational data for the particular case of squalls is shown.