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<p>The impact of influenza on human health, societies, and economies is substantial. The spread of influenza is closely related to the geographical environment and human activities over time and space. This study develops a research framework to examine the interaction between meteorological factors and between cities human mobility in influencing influenza infection. Using generalized additive model, this study analyzes influenza mechanisms in China by investigating these interactions. The results reveal that meteorological factors and between-cities human mobility are both significantly and non-linearly associated with influenza. The factors’ influence ranks in descending order as monthly precipitation &gt; mobility-between-cities &gt; air temperature &gt; relative humidity &gt; barometric pressure &gt; sunshine duration &gt; wind speed. Influenza is most likely to occur and spread under severe cold or heat (below −3 °C or above 26 °C), high precipitation (above 946 mm), low sunshine (below 112 h), low air pressure (below 745 hPa), low humidity (below 46%), and high human mobility (around 0.21–0.28 billion). Significant interactions that affect influenza incidence include low temperature with high precipitation, low temperature with low sunshine, low temperature with high human mobility, high precipitation with high human mobility, and low barometric pressure with low sunshine. The AT-MBC (Air temperature and Mobility-between-cities) interaction had the most significant effect with a peak in July. The central area of Inner Mongolia, central China, the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and the southeastern coastal area were identified as regions most impacted by each interaction combination. The findings enhance the application of an interaction-based perspective in health geography research, providing insights for influenza prevention and control.</p>

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The impacts of meteorological factors and between-cities human mobility on influenza incidence in China: an interactive perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Yu Zhang,
  • Shijun Wang,
  • Yang Song

摘要

The impact of influenza on human health, societies, and economies is substantial. The spread of influenza is closely related to the geographical environment and human activities over time and space. This study develops a research framework to examine the interaction between meteorological factors and between cities human mobility in influencing influenza infection. Using generalized additive model, this study analyzes influenza mechanisms in China by investigating these interactions. The results reveal that meteorological factors and between-cities human mobility are both significantly and non-linearly associated with influenza. The factors’ influence ranks in descending order as monthly precipitation > mobility-between-cities > air temperature > relative humidity > barometric pressure > sunshine duration > wind speed. Influenza is most likely to occur and spread under severe cold or heat (below −3 °C or above 26 °C), high precipitation (above 946 mm), low sunshine (below 112 h), low air pressure (below 745 hPa), low humidity (below 46%), and high human mobility (around 0.21–0.28 billion). Significant interactions that affect influenza incidence include low temperature with high precipitation, low temperature with low sunshine, low temperature with high human mobility, high precipitation with high human mobility, and low barometric pressure with low sunshine. The AT-MBC (Air temperature and Mobility-between-cities) interaction had the most significant effect with a peak in July. The central area of Inner Mongolia, central China, the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and the southeastern coastal area were identified as regions most impacted by each interaction combination. The findings enhance the application of an interaction-based perspective in health geography research, providing insights for influenza prevention and control.