<p>Many countries have developed community-based integrated care services (CBICSs) to maintain and improve the health of older adults. However, existing research on the association between CBICSs and cognitive function remains insufficient. This study aims to explore the association between CBICSs and cognitive function of older adults by employing the latent growth curve model (LGCM) and cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), using data from 2228 adults aged 60 and above across four waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) spanning 2008 to 2018. The study findings reveal that an increase in the provision of CBICSs is associated with significantly slower decline in older adults’ cognitive function (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta\)</EquationSource><EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math><mi>β</mi></math></EquationSource></InlineEquation> = -0.596, <i>p</i> = 0.006). Heterogeneity analysis indicates that benefits were concentrated among those at highest social and clinical vulnerability (age ≥80, women, rural residents, lower-income or illiterate adults, and those with mild baseline impairment). These findings provide evidence supporting the protective effect of CBICSs provision on older adults’ cognitive function. Therefore, policymakers specializing in older adult policies could attempt to prioritize the development of CBICSs, given their potential to protect older adults’ health, especially their cognitive function.</p>