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<p>Advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) have raised foundational questions about how we conceptualise AI alongside traditional agents like humans and divine beings. Research demonstrates that both children and adults tend to attribute similar mental properties to AI and divine beings across cultures. However, little is known about how humans, AI and divine entities are organised in conceptual space when people reason about their perceived amount of knowledge. Using representational similarity analyses focused on perceived amount of knowledge attribution, here we show that Japanese children and adults across developmental stages conceptually cluster AI with culturally relevant divine entities (i.e., when reasoning about those agents’ knowledge). Conversely, U.S. participants maintain clear categorical boundaries between these agents. Our findings stand in contrast with previous cross-cultural investigations reporting shared basic agent structural organizations across cultures. These results offer implications for theoretical models of agent categorisation, cross-cultural AI design, and our understanding of how humans perceive increasingly intelligent artificial minds in culturally adapted ways.</p>

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Knowledge-based representations of artificial intelligence and divine agents: a developmental study across Japan and the United States

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Yusuke Moriguchi,
  • Ryoichi Watanabe,
  • Yusuke Hori,
  • Bolivar Reyes-Jaquez

摘要

Advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) have raised foundational questions about how we conceptualise AI alongside traditional agents like humans and divine beings. Research demonstrates that both children and adults tend to attribute similar mental properties to AI and divine beings across cultures. However, little is known about how humans, AI and divine entities are organised in conceptual space when people reason about their perceived amount of knowledge. Using representational similarity analyses focused on perceived amount of knowledge attribution, here we show that Japanese children and adults across developmental stages conceptually cluster AI with culturally relevant divine entities (i.e., when reasoning about those agents’ knowledge). Conversely, U.S. participants maintain clear categorical boundaries between these agents. Our findings stand in contrast with previous cross-cultural investigations reporting shared basic agent structural organizations across cultures. These results offer implications for theoretical models of agent categorisation, cross-cultural AI design, and our understanding of how humans perceive increasingly intelligent artificial minds in culturally adapted ways.