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<p><?tk 2?>This article utilizes a spatial hierarchical probit model to estimate the individual-level determinants of entrepreneurship, alongside examining the direct and indirect impacts of state-level economic freedom on entrepreneurial activity. Our findings reveal no direct effects; however, we identify significant indirect and overall effects of a change in state-level economic freedom on entrepreneurial activity. We find that a one-unit change in state-level economic freedom is associated with a 9.5% increase in the probability of being an entrepreneur. These results imply the presence of positive spillover effects linked to economic freedom, particularly in fostering entrepreneurship.</p>

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State-Level Institutions and Entrepreneurship: A Spatial Hierarchical Probit Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月27日

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  • Joshua Hall,
  • Kerianne Lawson Rubenstein,
  • Donald Lacombe

摘要

This article utilizes a spatial hierarchical probit model to estimate the individual-level determinants of entrepreneurship, alongside examining the direct and indirect impacts of state-level economic freedom on entrepreneurial activity. Our findings reveal no direct effects; however, we identify significant indirect and overall effects of a change in state-level economic freedom on entrepreneurial activity. We find that a one-unit change in state-level economic freedom is associated with a 9.5% increase in the probability of being an entrepreneur. These results imply the presence of positive spillover effects linked to economic freedom, particularly in fostering entrepreneurship.