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<p>This paper examines how EU gender equality norm diffusion, conservative counter-mobilization, and multidimensional gender-role attitudes shape gender gaps in protest participation across Europe and neighboring states. The backlash amplification hypothesis expects that EU-driven equality norms narrow gender gaps where conservative mobilization is weak and widen them where it is strong. The hybridization hypothesis posits that hybrid attitudinal profiles combining egalitarian and traditional orientations gain political relevance in contexts of intense counter-mobilization and high norm diffusion. The analysis draws on three waves of the European Values Study and country-level indicators, using latent class analysis to model gender-role attitudes and multinomial logistic regressions with cross-level interactions to estimate protest participation across four categories: non-participation, low-effort acts (petitions, boycotts), high-effort activities (demonstrations, strikes), and mixed-effort engagement (combining both types). The results partially support both hypotheses. The backlash amplification pattern is clearest in low-effort protest, where gender gaps narrow under weak mobilization and widen under strong mobilization, but weaker in high- and mixed-effort forms. Hybrid attitudinal profiles matter mainly for low- and mixed-effort protest but not for abstention or high-effort participation. The findings imply that EU norm diffusion does not uniformly reduce gender gaps in protest and can, under strong conservative backlash, reinforce them.</p>

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Gendered protest in Europe: EU norm diffusion, conservative backlash, and attitudinal hybridization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Olga Lavrinenko

摘要

This paper examines how EU gender equality norm diffusion, conservative counter-mobilization, and multidimensional gender-role attitudes shape gender gaps in protest participation across Europe and neighboring states. The backlash amplification hypothesis expects that EU-driven equality norms narrow gender gaps where conservative mobilization is weak and widen them where it is strong. The hybridization hypothesis posits that hybrid attitudinal profiles combining egalitarian and traditional orientations gain political relevance in contexts of intense counter-mobilization and high norm diffusion. The analysis draws on three waves of the European Values Study and country-level indicators, using latent class analysis to model gender-role attitudes and multinomial logistic regressions with cross-level interactions to estimate protest participation across four categories: non-participation, low-effort acts (petitions, boycotts), high-effort activities (demonstrations, strikes), and mixed-effort engagement (combining both types). The results partially support both hypotheses. The backlash amplification pattern is clearest in low-effort protest, where gender gaps narrow under weak mobilization and widen under strong mobilization, but weaker in high- and mixed-effort forms. Hybrid attitudinal profiles matter mainly for low- and mixed-effort protest but not for abstention or high-effort participation. The findings imply that EU norm diffusion does not uniformly reduce gender gaps in protest and can, under strong conservative backlash, reinforce them.