Disrupting the “near human” in contemporary xenotransplantation
摘要
Contemporary xenotransplantation is predicated on desires to disrupt, distort, and override interspecies difference with the goal of generating unlimited supplies of reusable parts for human patients in need. Since the mid-twentieth century, a small intergenerational cohort of researchers has attempted periodically to implant organs derived from chimpanzees, baboons, and, now, pigs in dying human patients as they test the promissory realities of these radical surgeries. Specialized gene editing technologies figure prominently in current efforts to “humanize” pigs paired with the porcinization, so to speak, of human organ recipients. As Svendsen argues, lab animals, as experimental proxies, approach the “near human” by breaching a host of boundaries (Svendsen 2022). In stark contrast, xenotransplantation moves beyond the proxy, defying interspecies boundaries altogether in efforts to fully blend disparate bodies. Interspecies “nearness” is the cornerstone of xenoscience, wherein the logics of interspecies “compatibility” and “sameness” at physiological and immunological levels bolster claims of its social and ethical value, too. This essay investigates the desires, presumptions, and perilous consequences of human/animal blending, most notably through acts of erasure, boundary breakdowns, and bioethical drift.