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<p>This systematic literature review examines the application of CPTED principles within park environments, focusing on how these principles influence park safety. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, this review rigorously screened and analysed 23 included studies. Through comprehensive synthesis, the research outlines the developmental trajectory of CPTED implementation. First-generation principles emphasise physical design, second-generation principles incorporate social dynamics, and third-generation principles integrate sustainability and liveability considerations. Findings indicate that, despite diverse cultural and geographical contexts, most studies focus on applying first-generation CPTED principles. Research on natural surveillance was most prevalent, while the image and management/maintenance dimension most directly influenced users’ safety perceptions, yielding the greatest number of identified influencing factors. Studies involving second and third-generation CPTED principles were relatively scarce, yet still highlighted the importance of social dynamics, sustainability, and public health for park safety. However, the review also reveals significant tensions in CPTED implementation. These include the surveillance-privacy dichotomy, risks associated with exclusionary ‘hostile architecture’, and ethical concerns regarding securitisation and technological surveillance. Finally, this paper proposes a conceptual framework integrating the park-related implications of CPTED principles across generations 1–3, offering references and recommendations for future park safety development.</p>

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Towards safer public spaces: a systematic literature review on CPTED strategies in park design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Lina Ouyang,
  • Rosilawati Zainol,
  • Nur Aulia Rosni

摘要

This systematic literature review examines the application of CPTED principles within park environments, focusing on how these principles influence park safety. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, this review rigorously screened and analysed 23 included studies. Through comprehensive synthesis, the research outlines the developmental trajectory of CPTED implementation. First-generation principles emphasise physical design, second-generation principles incorporate social dynamics, and third-generation principles integrate sustainability and liveability considerations. Findings indicate that, despite diverse cultural and geographical contexts, most studies focus on applying first-generation CPTED principles. Research on natural surveillance was most prevalent, while the image and management/maintenance dimension most directly influenced users’ safety perceptions, yielding the greatest number of identified influencing factors. Studies involving second and third-generation CPTED principles were relatively scarce, yet still highlighted the importance of social dynamics, sustainability, and public health for park safety. However, the review also reveals significant tensions in CPTED implementation. These include the surveillance-privacy dichotomy, risks associated with exclusionary ‘hostile architecture’, and ethical concerns regarding securitisation and technological surveillance. Finally, this paper proposes a conceptual framework integrating the park-related implications of CPTED principles across generations 1–3, offering references and recommendations for future park safety development.