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<p>Industrial guards served as the main source of security protection at defense production facilities before and during World War II. Soon after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8972 militarizing nearly 200,000 privately employed industrial guards at hundreds of plants across the nation. This Order, later modified and supplemented by Executive Order 9074, set the stage for collaboration on facility security between Army and Navy departments and company managements. This was a unique form of conscription to activate security units of Army-controlled Auxiliary Military Police and Navy-controlled Coast Guard Police. At the policy level, these units were needed to augment home front industrial security by relieving combat-ready land and naval forces from rear-guard protection tasks. Three key failures in pre-war planning contributed to significant delay in operationalizing the role of militarized industrial guards as a vital resource in the national security mission. This is the first of a two-part account of this story.</p>

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Industrial security protection in the United States before the Pearl Harbor attack: failures to prepare, presidential executive orders, and guard force militarization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月7日

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  • James D. Calder

摘要

Industrial guards served as the main source of security protection at defense production facilities before and during World War II. Soon after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8972 militarizing nearly 200,000 privately employed industrial guards at hundreds of plants across the nation. This Order, later modified and supplemented by Executive Order 9074, set the stage for collaboration on facility security between Army and Navy departments and company managements. This was a unique form of conscription to activate security units of Army-controlled Auxiliary Military Police and Navy-controlled Coast Guard Police. At the policy level, these units were needed to augment home front industrial security by relieving combat-ready land and naval forces from rear-guard protection tasks. Three key failures in pre-war planning contributed to significant delay in operationalizing the role of militarized industrial guards as a vital resource in the national security mission. This is the first of a two-part account of this story.