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<p>Container port efficiency is vital for sustaining global trade, especially amid disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed systemic weaknesses such as port congestion and schedule delays. However, limited research has systematically evaluated port performance dynamics across systemic shocks, especially from a resilience and investment-alignment perspective. In this study, a Malmquist data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework is applied to examine the efficiency and productivity trends of major container ports from 2018 to 2022. The proposed model addresses cross-port differences and data constraints by focusing on key physical infrastructure inputs—gantry cranes, port area, and quay length—and container throughput as output. The results show that ports such as Singapore and Shanghai consistently achieve high efficiency, whereas other ports lag behind. Productivity gains mainly reflect technological change (TC), not technical efficiency change (TEC), exposing a gap with the scale efficiency change (SEC) needed to realize investments. A strategic matrix classifies ports by overall performance and progress, identifying resilient and advancing ports such as Ningbo-Zhoushan and Qingdao. These insights help policymakers and port managers align investment with long-term resilience goals and respond more effectively to future disruptions.</p>

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Resilience and efficiency of global container ports: A DEA–Malmquist analysis based on physical infrastructure and strategic typologies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Shih-Pin Chen,
  • I-Chieh Tsai

摘要

Container port efficiency is vital for sustaining global trade, especially amid disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed systemic weaknesses such as port congestion and schedule delays. However, limited research has systematically evaluated port performance dynamics across systemic shocks, especially from a resilience and investment-alignment perspective. In this study, a Malmquist data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework is applied to examine the efficiency and productivity trends of major container ports from 2018 to 2022. The proposed model addresses cross-port differences and data constraints by focusing on key physical infrastructure inputs—gantry cranes, port area, and quay length—and container throughput as output. The results show that ports such as Singapore and Shanghai consistently achieve high efficiency, whereas other ports lag behind. Productivity gains mainly reflect technological change (TC), not technical efficiency change (TEC), exposing a gap with the scale efficiency change (SEC) needed to realize investments. A strategic matrix classifies ports by overall performance and progress, identifying resilient and advancing ports such as Ningbo-Zhoushan and Qingdao. These insights help policymakers and port managers align investment with long-term resilience goals and respond more effectively to future disruptions.