Leveling the playing field? Palestinian digital diplomacy in the 2023–2024 Gaza conflict
摘要
Amid the renewed violence since October 2023 in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Palestinian Authority (PA) has increasingly turned to digital platforms to appeal for international support and challenge Israel’s narrative. Digital diplomacy enables weaker actors to disseminate information at low cost and without intermediaries, but its effectiveness in shaping international responses during conflict remains uncertain. This study examines whether posts uploaded by the PA on X (formerly Twitter) influenced the diplomatic statements issued by foreign governments from October 2023 to December 2024. Our analysis produces four key findings. First, an increase in PA posts correlates with a rise in the number of statements, including the absolute number of supportive statements for Palestine. However, contrary to expectations, the proportion of supportive statements for Palestine does not increase in the same manner, suggesting that heightened visibility does not necessarily translate into stronger persuasive power. Third, humanitarian-focused posts are associated with more supportive statements than those on governance or military issues, suggesting a potential role for emotional and moral framing. Fourth, unexpectedly, PA posting is linked to a rise in the proportion of supportive statements for Israel, highlighting potential unintended consequences in a highly competitive digital environment.